"Black students in this

sample appear to be referred to the office for infractions that are both less serious and more

subjective in their interpretation than white students. White students were significantly more

likely than black students to be referred to the office for smoking, leaving without permission,

vandalism, and obscene language. Black students were more likely to be referred for disrespect,

excessive noise, threat, and loitering."

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED468512.pdf